Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay - 1952 Words

Although grandiose questions about life are a standard part of human maturation, many children and young adults with a stable family can answer these questions without drastically changing their lives. Those with steady influences often have authoritative guidance to navigate these uncertainties. Philip â€Å"Pip† Pirrip of Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations, however, is an orphan reared in a provincial and simple life. He lacks an intellectual father figure to answer these questions, so he is forced to elucidate his own solutions. The closest substitute to a father is Joe Gargery, Pip’s genuine and well-meaning brother-in-law. Pip’s lack of a father leads to uncertainty in his identity and questions regarding where his major influences should lie. In determining these influences, Pip seeks to redeem himself from Joe to higher society, but later does an about-face as he wishes to be redeemed by Joe. As a small child and an orphan in the first part of the text, Pip is an exceptionally malleable being. He has a variety of influences in his early years and is susceptible to all of them, ranging from his sister’s abusiveness and Joe’s docility to Pumblechook’s bloated ego. Although he can look to Joe as a de facto father figure, he is still aware of the simpleton side of Joe that contradicts with Joe’s paternal influences. Joe’s lack of complexity often makes it difficult for him to give insightful counsel. Pip’s ideas regarding authority figures can be summed by his musingsShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

21St Century Agriculture Free Essays

Todays agricultural community is embracing many new technologies. Innovative researchers have developed new ways to increase yields ranging from the global positioning of satellites to strip till. Strip till is a process of tilling small strips of soil while leaving the strip in between each row untilled to remain rich in organic matter. We will write a custom essay sample on 21St Century Agriculture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The benefits of strip till versus conventional till make it a practical way of increasing farm efficiency. Strip till first began in as a way for large farms to cover more acreage more efficiently in order to save time fuel and labor. The process begins a full growing season in advance with another crop. Once this crop is harvested, the stalks and other debris are mowed to the ground leaving the ground covered in organic matter; this crop is termed the cover crop. Once all equipment preparations are made the next growing season is started. A pass is made through the field with a minimum tillage implement. This implement plows up twelve-inch wide strips and then conditions them. Then the crop is planted and herbicide is applied. Throughout the growing season the crop is sprayed using a specialized hood sprayer, which protects the crop from the herbicide, to control weeds. This is a vast difference in conventional methods, which utilizes several passes to plow and condition the soil while also using herbicides. Environmentalists would have one believe that herbicide applications are detrimental to our ecosystems. However, with proper handling, our ecosystems are better protected from hazardous runoff when strip till practices are utilized. Conventional methods spray herbicide directly onto the ground where they can be washed away by rain or irrigation. Strip till methods spray herbicides onto the organic matter left behind from the cover crop where it can be absorbed into the plant. The method of spraying directly onto the desired area is called banding. The environmental concerns make strip till a more sound way of controlling unwanted organisms. Erosion and soil compaction are other environmental concerns which strip till alleviates. Wind erosion is made less possible because the ground is left with debris and root masses which holds water and do not allow the water to wash away soil particles. Soil compaction is also less of a problem because less passes with large tractors are needed to produce a crop. The greatest benefit to the farmer is cost reduction. Less fuel and less labor being required per acre generate more profit. In an era when commodity prices are at an all time low, generating a profit is of utmost importance. Through less equipment cost and maintenance, strip till allows farmers to produce a crop with less capital investments. The popularity of strip till practices grow each year as farmers find ways of incorporating it into their specific operations needs. Conventional till has been used for many centuries but this practice only stirs up a dust in that weed seed are plowed a way into a dormant stage only to be plowed up to germinate. Utilization of new agricultural technologies, such as strip till, allows producers to go into the 21st century with tools that will enable them to provide agricultural products to sustain the world. How to cite 21St Century Agriculture, Essay examples

Analysing Organisation Creative Technology LTD - Free Sample

Question: Organisational analysis is the process of understanding how a business operates and the ways in which the employees contend with change. According to Ferreira Dominquez (2010), an organisation is social arrangements for achieving controlled performance in pursuit of collective goals? Answer: Introduction As opined by Dugdale Lyne (2010), organisational analysis is the process of understanding how a business operates and the ways in which the employees contend with change. According to Ferreira Dominquez (2010), an organisation is social arrangements for achieving controlled performance in pursuit of collective goals. Organisations are set up in a set up with a view of achieving different goals and the structure of a particular organisation are made according to those goals. Any organisation small or big can achieve their target or can increase their profitability if they have a proper structure that meets up the need of the customers they serve (Green, 2015). In this report the learner has divided the structure of the report into 6 parts. The first step of the division is of Paradigmatic Perspectives and the company that will be taken will be discussed properly. The third part will deal with the methodology. The Then in the next part some proper theories will be provided by the author that will help to describe the process and all this theories will play a major role in enhancing the quality of the research. In the last part the most important thing will be discusses the organisation analysis which will show the organisation structure and the culture. Then there will be a conclusion and recommendations. Paradigmatic Perspectives: the selected Paradigm As opined by Dutton (2013), paradigm is a broad framework of perception, understanding, belief within which theories and practices operate. To analyse an organisation it is very important as it is a framework of thought or beliefs through which ones world or reality is interpreted. In this case Morgans sociological paradigm can be applied. According to Bardhan Weaver (2011), these four paradigms as being defined by very basic meta-theoretical assumptions which underwrite the frame of reference of the social theorists who operate within them and it is a term intended to emphasize the commonality of perspective which blinds the work of a group of theorists together in such a way that they can usefully regarded as approaching social theory within the bounds of the same problematic. As stated by Green (2015), each theory can be related to one of the four broad world views. Sociology of regulation provides explanation of society based on the assumption of its unity and cohesiveness (Dugdale Lyne, 2010). As stated by Macionis Gerber (2014), sociology of radical change provides explanation of society based on the assumption of its cultural conflict modes of domination and structural contradiction. Figure 1: The Four Paradigms (Source: Macionis Gerber, 2014, p.45) Out of the above mentioned paradigms the researcher will choose the Paradigm of Functionalist. According to McLennan (2013), it is chosen by the researcher because it has been the primary paradigm for organisational stud and this paradigm assumes national human action and believes one can understand organisational behaviour through hypothesis testing. This paradigm is taken by the researcher as it will help to know the adaption to the natural, physical and material world. It also helps in goal attainment deciding on the key issues and it will help in maintaining a balance of social control. Company background Creative Technology LTD is a Singapore based global company. It was founded in the year 1981 and belongs to the consumer electronics industry. Its journey from a simple computer repair shop to one of the popular electronic manufacturer is very inspiring. They have successfully expanded their business in UK and US. Their main products are Sound Blaster, Portable Media Devices, Video Cameras, Live Cam Series Web Cameras and other products. Their Live camera operations have got huge response from the world and they have various other sub ends under their umbrella. Sim Wong Hoo who is the current CEO of the company has played a major role in creating the company and taking it to the level in where it is right now. They have around 1200 employees they successfully generate revenue of 280 million dollars every year (Creative.com, 2015). Their main products are Sound blaster, Gaming Headsets, speakers and Headphones. Their customer service is also excellent. With all these factors the compa ny has successfully created its own mark in the electronic consumer industry. According to McLennan (2013), they are responsible for taking the PC sound level to the next level. Their innovative strategies have made them one of the coolest companies in the gadget industry. Methodology of the analysis The researcher has taken the functionalist paradigm used by the researcher. The purpose of selecting this approach is because it emphasizes comparability among individuals but sees people as unique in their combination of traits (Mitka, 2013). It will help to see traits as having the same psychological meaning to everyone (Green, 2015). Hypothesis testing and scientific methods are the only two factors on which this methodology relies. Literature Review of the report As per the functionalist paradigm the literature review will discuss various theories related to the organisation culture. As opined by Mohanty Rath (2013), organisational culture is the totality of beliefs, customs, traditions and values shared by the members of the organisations. It is very important to consider value while managing change in the organisation. It can be both as input and output. There are some specific characteristics of each organisations culture. According to Paolo (2012), some of those key characteristics are Innovation and risk taking, Attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, Team orientation, aggressiveness and stability. Functions of Cultures: According to Seo (2011), it has a boundary defining role which creates distinctions between one organisation and others. It conveys a sense of identity for organisation members. As stated by Prowse, Mueller Soper (2011), culture also facilitates the generation of commitment to something larger than ones individual self-interest. An organisational culture also enhances the stability of the social system by providing appropriate standards for what employees should say and do and culture also serves as a sense-making and control mechanism that guides and shapes the attitudes and behaviours of employees (Mitka, 2013). According to McLennan (2013), every organisation has a unique culture and all the culture is effected by various external environment like Legislation, Politics, Technology, education, society, marketplace, competitors, consumers and economy. Creating a sustainable organisational culture is not so easy. As opined by Paolo (2012), culture creation occurs in three ways and those are, hiring and keeping employees who have a same thinking, the organisation has to indoctrinate and socialize the employees with the organisations thinking and the founders behaviour also plays an effective role in creating a successful organisation culture as their behaviour acts as a role model for the employees. If the organisation becomes successful then the personality of the founder is embedded in the organisational culture. Sustaining organisational culture is also not easy. There are three forces the plays an important role in sustaining a culture. The three forces are selection of proper practices tha t can help the organisation to gain competitive advantage in the market; the top management has to play a very important role because it depends completely on them which actions they will take and the socialization methods. According to Mohanty Rath (2013), selection practices also have some points like identifying and hiring individuals who have relevant knowledge about the industry in which they will operate. The selected individuals must have proper skills and ability to perform successfully the job given to him, it should be also seen that the selected individual must work according to the goals and objective of the company. As opined by Paulin (2015), individuals having values consistent with those of the organisation are selected as per the decision makers judgements. Selection becomes a two way street as it provides information about the organisation to the applicants. According to Macionis Gerber (2014), the actions of top management establishes the norms for the organisation as to whether risk taking is desirable, how much freedom managers should give to their subordinates and what actions will pay off in terms of pay rises, promotions and other rewards. As stated by McLennan (2013), the process through which the employees are proselytized about the customs and traditions of the organisation is known as socialization. It is assumed that the employees selected in an organisations if dont associates with the culture of the organisation then there is a chance that employee will disturb other employees. So there are basically three stages of socialization. These are pre-arrival where the employees are given a proper description about the work that he is going to do while working in the organisation, Encounter where the employee actually gets to see the organisation and sometimes by seeing the organisations their thinking gets diverted as somewhere the customer might have through of something else which is different from the reality. The third stage of socialization is metamorphosis where the generally the long lasting changes takes place, here the employee actually gets acquired with the different skills that are required to execute the given jobs successfully. Now the study will deal with the organisational structure. According to Dugdale Lyne (2010), a way to organise employees into some kind of structure to meet goals, minimizes confusion, coordinates activities by clearly identifying which individuals are responsible for which tasks. Without an appropriate organisational structure a business will never succeed. There are basically four types of structures Line Structure, Line and Staff structure, Matrix Structure and Team Structure (Paolo, 2012). According to Alavi et al. (2014), authority originates at the top and moves downwards. In the top it includes the CEO of the company, then in the next step comes the senior managers comes the mid level managers and in the end comes the non-management employees. This structure is common to almost all small companies. According to McLennan (2013), this structure contributes directly to company profits. Then comes the matrix structure where employees from different departments get opportunity to work together in a particular project. As stated by Anthopoulos Sirakoulis (2015), this structure has become very important as structure in the current marketing scenario because the company having this structure determines that how flexible they are as they have the capability to respond to the customer needs as quickly as possible. Another important structure is the team structure according to which different people with different skills in order to meet a particular objective. According to Alavi et al. (2014), it is believed that the company will meet customer needs more effectively than traditional structures. This structure has one special facility and that is teams have the power to make final decisions and employees preferred due to its focus on completing a project rather than a task (A, 2013). As stated by Paolo (2012), there are two types of structures Flat structure and Tall structure. The advantages of Flat structure are that the employee gets great job satisfaction and as the number of levels is small so the communication between each level of managements becomes easy. On the other hand Tall structure has many level of management and the power is centralised on the top levels and the management has greater control over the employees. The advantage of this structure is that as it has greater control over the employees so the managers are able to keep an account of each employees performance as a result of which there is always a better performance of the employees (A, 2013). According to Mohanty Rath (2013), an organisation becomes effective when they successfully know their customers and accordingly give proper response to the needs of the customers. To become successful in any business companies must change to keep up with customer needs. As stated by Mohanty Rath ( 2013), there are various factors that affect the organisational structure. The size of the business and the kind of products and services it produces are two of the most important factors that effects a companys business. According to Macionis Gerber (2014), as a company grows its organisational structure must change with it. Now a company can grow through different stages like growth through creativity, growth through direction and growth through delegation, coordination and collaboration. Like this way both company culture and structure helps a company to grow. All the managers of a company need to understand the nature and role of the structure and culture of a company. Company culture and structure also impacts day to day decision making of the organisation. Analysis of the organisation Creative Technology As per the given topic creative technology is a Singapore based consumer electronic company established in the year 1981 and currently it has expanded to UK and US and doing outstanding business. The organisational structure of the company Creative technology can be a biggest example of the effectiveness of the organisational structure. The changing nature of organisational structure of the company can be divided into three stages. Stage 1: As stated by Dutton (2013), when creative was young it depended heavily on technical geniuses who had a brilliant idea of user friendly digital entertainment products. That time they had a vision that multimedia has a huge future scope as the rate of using computers was increasing in a huge number. Then they turned this idea into a multimillion dollar company by introducing Sound Blaster sound cards which is said to be the pioneer of multimedia revolution. Stage 2: According to Dugdale Lyne (2010) when creative grew more it hired managers with excellent managerial skill. He then took the creative journey to the next level by introducing PC box and walkman. The idea was so innovative that it revolutionised the digital media and since then Creative has become a strong brand name and has a user base of 400 million and has a created a market of their own of PDE or Personal Digital Entertainment. Stage 3: Now creative has expanded its business worldwide and are considered as the worldwide leader in the digital entertainment products. They successfully launched their new set of headsets for play station 3, Mac and PC that makes the entire digital entertainment experience quite different. Figure 2: Organisational Structure of Creative Technology LTD (Source: Mohanty Rath, 2013, p.33) According to Green (2015), the company has a flat structure. It has less departments and this is the reason they have only 1000 employees. There are 4 main department Marketing department who has an Advertising manager under which some hugely creative people work, then there is a strong technical department which has one head of the department under which some experienced and skill full engineers works. Then there is one Account department and one production department. Their structure is flat and that is the reason there is always a communication between every department and the employees working there also gets huge job satisfaction. This structure also throws light on the culture of the company. As stated by Green (2015), the company has a strong digital culture. It can be seen that the company dont have large number of employees but still it is successful in generating huge revenue. The reason is that they select only those employees who has huge knowledge about the digital entertainment and who himself is technologically advanced. Creative Technology relentlessly focuses on customer experience that they gather while using their creative products. In creative everyone is technically sound even the marketing manager who has no background of engineering understands the aims and objectives very clearly. They have a strong PR team as well who is responsible for the public relations with their customers. They have expanded their business into live performances or live feedback also. Their special webcam can cover huge concerts easily. They themselves have a strong group of employees who does this live recording (Creative.com, 2015). Conclusion The study begins with a brief introduction of organisation structure and culture. Then the study chooses a paradigm which the paradigm of functionalist. As functionalist is the most suitable paradigm of sociology in analysing an organisation. Then the company overview is given for the selected company Creative Technology which is followed by a strong and detailed literature review that throws light on the organisation culture and organisation structure. In the literature review it has been seen that organisational culture have different types so as the organisation structure and it varies from company to company and from industry to industry. The culture and structure depends on the industry it belongs to and the product it sells. Then the report throws light on the organisational analysis of the case study company Creative Technology and there it the actual company structure and culture is shown which is very digital culture. Recommendations After dealing with the entire report there are some recommendations which can be useful for the case study company as well as other companies if they want to have one effective organisational culture. As we already know that a company is not formed with one person it takes more than one head to run a business. So the first job of the top management is to select only those people who have actual idea of the job. The person who is going to be recruited must belong to the background which is the relevant background of the company itself. Company structure should be made as per the vision and mission of the company. If the company is small then Line structure can be effective. Still it will be better that within that structure only there should be a scope for learning or communication between all the departments and employees. In the modern era it is better to have matrix structures which promote team work. The culture of an organisation should be knowledge sharing culture. So that if an y employee struggles to understand anything then other members must come and help that employee out by doing this there will be always an healthy environment in the company and as it will definitely increase the profitability of the company. Reference List Books A, M. (2013). Organisational Behaviour. London: Global Professional Publishing Ltd. Bardhan, N., Weaver, C. (2011). Public relations in global cultural contexts. New York: Routledge. Dugdale, D., Lyne, S. (2010). Budgeting practice and organisational structure. Oxford: CIMA Pub. Macionis, J., Gerber, L. (2014). Sociology. Toronto: Pearson Canada. McLennan, R. (2013). Cases in organisational behaviour. Taylor Francis. Miesenberger, K. (2012). Computers helping people with special needs. Berlin: Springer. Paolo, S. (2012). The Digital Glocalization of Entertainment. Dordrecht: Springer. Prowse, D., Mueller, S., Soper, M. (2011). Computer structure and logic. Indianapolis, Ind.: Pearson Education. Stackelberg, H., Bazin, D., Urch, L., Hill, R. (2011). Market structure and equilibrium. Berlin: Springer. Tyson, S., Ackermann, K., Domsch, M., Joynt, P. (2012). Appraising and exploring organisations. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Journals Alavi, S., Abd. Wahab, D., Muhamad, N., Arbab Shirani, B. (2014). Organic structure and organisational learning as the main antecedents of workforce agility. International Journal Of Production Research, 52(21), 6273-6295. doi:10.1080/00207543.2014.919420 Anthopoulos, L., Sirakoulis, K. (2015). E-Government Portal Updates' Evaluation:. International Journal Of Public Administration In The Digital Age, 2(2), 54-74. doi:10.4018/ijpada.2015040104 Dutton, W. (2013). The social shaping of digital research. International Journal Of Social Research Methodology, 16(3), 177-195. doi:10.1080/13645579.2013.774171 Ferreira, P., Domnguez, M. (2010). Trading-off matrix size and matrix structure: Handling Toeplitz equations by embedding on a larger circulant set. Digital Signal Processing, 20(6), 1711-1722. doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2010.03.002 Gandure, J., Mhlanga, S. (2010). Manufacturing strategy - a potential competitive tool for JS Botswana (Pty) Ltd [case study]. Botswana Journal Of Technology, 18(1). doi:10.4314/bjt.v18i1.52210 Green, A. (2015). Readership measurement in the digital age. International Journal Of Market Research, 56(5), 609. doi:10.2501/ijmr-2014-042 Mitka, M. (2013). Marketing Tactics of e-Cigarette Manufacturers Questioned. JAMA, 310(18), 1912. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281874 Mohanty, J., Rath, B. (2013). Organisation culture as indicators of citizenship behaviours within organisations: a multi sector analysis. International Journal Of Business Performance Management, 14(3), 245. doi:10.1504/ijbpm.2013.054914 Paolo, S. (2012). The Digital Glocalization of Entertainment. Dordrecht: Springer. Paulin, A. (2015). Twenty Years After the Hype:. International Journal Of Public Administration In The Digital Age, 2(2), 1-21. doi:10.4018/ijpada.2015040101 Seo, M. (2011). Critical Reflection on Teaching in Modern Paradigm. Jeri, 13(2), 271. doi:10.15564/jeri.2011.11.13.2.271 Websites Creative.com,. (2015). About Creative. Retrieved 21 January 2015, from https://www.creative.com/corporate/about/

Walt Whitman Essays (491 words) - Assassination Of Abraham Lincoln

walt whitman A World of Politics Thesis: Walt Whitman was a man who used his thoughts on political issues concerning the Civil War within his writings because of many experiences he had encountered. Whenever ever the term political writing comes up, most people would think of Walt Whitman. Walt Whitman was one of the most popular political writers of all times. Nearly everyone agrees that Walt Whiman is America s greatest poet (Unger 331). Whitmans ideas and attitudes were chiefly those of the Romantic Movement (Foerster 719). Some of Whitmans most popular writing were Leaves of Grass, A Song of Myself, and Drum-Taps. Leaves of Grass is a poem mostly concerning Whitmans childhood and memories, this is one of Whitmans fewer poems that does not contain politics. A Song of Myself is a poem where Whitman expresses himself as a homosexual, this is also one of his fewer poems concerning politics. Drum-Taps was written during the time Whitman was serving as a doctor during the Civil War. Drum-Taps consists of what Whitman himself had seen and experienced during the Civil War. I. Beginning of a great career Vacca 2 A. Growing up 1. Raised by grandparents a. They filled him with a love of nature and humankind b. Grandmother told Walt tales of the Revolution 2. Worked as an editor of a newspaper a. Learned many current politics b. Was kicked out because of an anti-slavery post B. Published his first poem Leaves of Grass 1. A great success 2. People either disliked or liked it II. Influenced by Lincoln and the Civil War A. Aided as a doctor for the wounded 1. Helped his brother George out when he was wounded 2. Wrote Many poems on what he saw a. Drum-Taps b. Sequel to drum-Taps B. A strong supporter of Lincoln 1. Wrote three poems concerning Lincoln a. O Captain! My Captain! b. Hushd be the Camps Today Vacca 3 c. This Dust Was Once the Man 2. Believed Lincoln was the greatest president of all time III. Whitmans thoughts and ideas A. Whitman id not care about the means of achieving a truly democratic society B. Whitman believed that the true story of the Civil War would never get into the books. C. Did not believe in slavery a. Reasons for supporting Lincoln b. Was despised by people because of his beliefs D. Whitman believed that the present theory of our army and navy is sensible and true, then the rest of America is an ummigrated fraud E. Whitman believed that America, for all its troubles, alone possessed the prerequisites for a great moral and religious civilization Many Critics believe that Whitmans Civil War experiences destroyed him as a poet, because in the post war years he rarely wrote with his earlier inspiration and produced few great poems (Moore 8). But Whitman would not have been known for his political writings if it wasnt for the Civil War. Whitmans poetry was a celebration of the common man, of American democracy, and of sexuality, conveyed through a revolutionary and rhapsodic free verse (7). After the war, he would celebrate the democracy itself, not merely the poet (Miller 133). Bibliography miller

Sample Diary Entry †Creative Writing Course

Sample Diary Entry – Creative Writing Course Free Online Research Papers Dear Diary, what have I done wrong to be treated this inadequately? I’d rather be treated like a dog, kicked and refused, since the truth is less embarrassing than being in these deceitful teases. I would accept Demetrius for his teasing behaviors, for I do disturb him in such a way, but I do not understand why Lysander is making fun of me. What disgusting acts have I done? What laws have I broken? I am humiliated by all my friends, and this sorrow rips my heart apart. Thoughts are crossing all over in my head, having to realize that I am a creature which is not even worth treating fairly. In a deep cloud of melancholy, I try to not think about the abusers for a moment, but thoughts of them just crawls up in my head. Lysander, why do you give me all the vows which belong to Hermia? You give me a pain just to realize how sarcastic you are, and to imagine what you really have in your mind. Every sarcastic word you spew out just reminds me of my ugliness, and that slits my tender heart open. Hermia, my dearest friend, has turned into my odious friend just because of the misunderstandings. Hermia, you should understand the pain that I am suffering, for you are my dearest friend. Do you not remember our early days we shared, and the days which we grew a strong friendship which could not be broken? If you do, then why do you injure me with your words? Now please, please allow me to chide you for your mocking behaviors towards me. Oh, let the magic fix all this chaos, and let there be the usual hatred towards me! Oh, how I miss the rejections I have suffered, but it is only now that I realize their importance. Oh, even hell cannot be bitterer than these ridiculous teases causing my vexations. Research Papers on Sample Diary Entry - Creative Writing CoursePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Spring and AutumnAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCapital PunishmentAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Hockey GameThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is ArtThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Catcher In The Rye Essay Thesis

Catcher In The Rye Essay Thesis he book A Farewell to Arms, written by Ernest Hemingway, is a classic about the love story of a nurse and a war ridden soldier. The story starts as Frederick Henry is serving in the Italian Army. He meets his future love in the hospital that he gets put in for various reasons. I thought that A Farewell to Arms was a good book because of the symbolism, the exciting plot, and the constant moving of the main character. The symbolism in A Farewell to Arms is very much apparent. Ernest Hemingway has always been one who is big on the symbolism of night as being bad. To the main character in Hemingways novels, nights have always been a sign of death, or something negative to happen. Another one of the symbolisms in A Farewell to Arms is when Henry tries to escape from the Italian army by jumping off one of the ships the army was traveling on and running away from the army. This symbolism was the water that he jumped into was a symbolism of the new, clean life that he was going to live from now on. At this time, Henry goes off and finds his wife to be. The plot in A Farewell to Arms was always active. They were never staying in one place too long. It had a very good story line, which was a love story that ended up in a tragedy. The main characters wife got pregnant and she was off to have her baby when problems started occurring. They had to have a caesarean, and the baby dies, and when the mother of the child starts to hemorrhage Henry knows that it was over for his wife and he was right. From the beginning of the book until the end, the action was up. Ever since the front page Henry was traveling around to different towns so it was not boring for the reader. That made it very interesting for the reader because it was always a new town coming up so they were being introduced in the new characters quite often. As the story goes on, the reader is not introducing as many new people, but they are still traveling around quite a bit. Hemingway has a way with arranging the plots of all his stories. They all have that right timing to them. He always introduces only people that will affect the story, he does not introduce someone who will be in the scene for five minutes and then leave. I felt that the authors planning on putting this noveltogether was very good. Ernest Hemingway has always been one of the worlds best known classic writers. His style and technique of symbolism is much different than others. He uses then in very strong ways that you the reader does not always pick up. I am sure that I missed some of the symbolism that went on in the book. I picked up a few though and they were very interesting. I recommend this to anyone who is interested in a love story that does not get too intimate

Employment skills for engineers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employment skills for engineers - Essay Example I gained self-confidence with the importance of courage to stand in front of people and share my ideas with other people without fear. Through the numerous class projects and presentations that we did before fellow students, I have perfected the skill, and now I feel that I can harness it whenever and wherever. I have learned how to express myself confidently as well as think for myself and how to seek feedback from other people. My time management skills greatly improved over the course through the assignments that I have managed to complete on time. Most importantly, I have come to appreciate working efficiently under pressure and no supervision in order to achieve my targets. I feel I have gained enough skills and confidence to handle engineering projects in the corporate world and meet all the set goals on time. At first, I thought that I would have to read so much theory. I, however, have been privileged to participate in practical engineering lessons that gave me an opportunity to work in a team without many misunderstandings with my colleagues. Through these experiences, I have developed excellent communication skills that have helped me throughout my 12 months internship. I related well with my teammates throughout these experiences. These have given me an upper hand as I have been able to be chosen as a leader and sometimes as a follower and an active participant in these team practical projects. Throughout my campus life as an engineering student, I have developed resilience through the tough subjects and actual work, which were part of the module. I have also gained a positive outlook in life as all the hard work, and sacrifice has also yielded rewards through good grades awarded to me for the hard work. My problem-solving skills have greatly improved through the practice of identifying problems either in group work or individually and coming up with solutions to these problems. My research skills have

Who Cares About Writing Anyway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Who Cares About Writing Anyway - Essay Example is about the self, including the individual and the collective inside the â€Å"I.† I would like to think that people, however, should think more about what, why, and how they write, because writing renders significant power that should not be diluted by constantly writing about personal and superficial strifes alone. Freedom of speech is a responsibility that is too important to be wasted on empty status updates that do not, at least sometimes, mean something more to people as human beings and as communities. This paper argues that people should care about writing, because whoever writes well can re-tell the past, appreciate and affect the present, and re-define the future. History spawns power; whoever writes and re-tells it, owns it and the future. Benjamin Franklin has written his autobiography that some praise, some criticize, or some just feel nothing for. But he knows the power of the written word. The written word can be the basis for the said word too. The written word can bring meaning and lessons that can impact the way people think and act. Lawrence undermines Franklins moral values in â€Å"On Ben Franklins Virtues,† but he does so through writing too. He wants to document his own views, because he knows that writing will re-tell the past the way he wants it to be told. He wants the past to not be interpreted and spread by a white man alone. He wants his own viewpoint as a â€Å"dark forest† (367). I want to stress that writing consists of expressing how people want others to see themselves as individuals and as part of their people/s too. Indeed, each race has its individuals. Lawrence is an individual and Franklin is too; th ey belong to their â€Å"groups,† whether these groups intersect or not. They can clash in their arguments of virtues and write about it, because that is part of shaping who they are. At the same time, they want to influence others, whether they are in the same racial community or not, so that they can make sense of their past as

Britain’s Attempts to Appease Mussolini in the 1930’s Were Successful’ Discuss Essay Example for Free

Britain’s Attempts to Appease Mussolini in the 1930’s Were Successful’ Discuss Essay ‘Britain’s attempts to appease Mussolini in the 1930’s were successful’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view. (24 marks) Britain’s attempt to appease Mussolini were successful up until the Abyssinian crisis of 1935, as Italy were not in league with Germany but on the contrary, were opposed to German expansion and revision of the treaty of Versailles. However after the Abyssinian crisis, this stance from Mussolini disappeared and changed greatly. Hence British attempts becoming unsuccessful, as ultimately Mussolini entered the Second World War on the side of Germany. Britain and Italy’s relationship was cordial before the Abyssinian crisis, indicating success in their appeasement policies. The Stresa front of 1935 between: Britain, France and Italy manifested this, as they agreed to prevent further revision of the treaty from Hitler and to resist him in his expansionist aims, and to also condemn Hitler’s actions. The Stresa front was suggested by Mussolini himself who was very co-operative and acted on the side of Britain and France as they all shared the same opinion on German rearmament. This showed how prepared Mussolini was to take action and stand against German aggression, as Mussolini was the only one who actually sent troops, during the Austrian Putsch of 1934, when the Nazi’s attempted to exploit Austria’s condition by trying to take over and employ a Nazi government. Italy was the only country who was prepared to take stance that was not mere condemnation but an actual military reaction, these clearly suggest ed Mussolini strong feelings in regards to Hitler. This found great success as they all agreed to it and this manifested Britain’s success in appeasement policies. Although Britain applied economic sanctions with the league, the sanctions did not include oil, which was the main necessity required for Italy’s invasion, as they required oil to run their ships for transportation. Britain did not close the Suez Canal, which was a fundamental route for Mussolini to transport his troops by; this meant that Italy’s invasion was not severely obstructed. These actions seemed to have been undertaken to appease Mussolini and to prevent him from engaging in a ‘mad dog’ activity  such as declaring war on Britain, this found success, as Mussolini did not declare war on Britain. This is another example of British success in their appeasement policies. Before the Hoare-Lavale pact was leaked into to the public, it seemed as if Mussolini would accept this proposal. Hitherto the pact, Hoare, the British secretary worked well with Italy, and demonstrated a close relationship. If Mussolini had accepted then it would be a success, as Mussolini would still be on the side of Britain. This could be seen as some sort of success, as at first it did seem that it would be successful. Ultimately, it was a failure of British appeasement, as Mussolini did not accept the proposal to ‘save face’. However, there were also many examples of British failure of appeasement, such as the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which was poor example of British policy, as it did nothing but completely undermine, consequently damaging the Stresa front irrevocably. As it angered Mussolini greatly and it was almost as if Britain were stabbing the other members of the Front in the back, as they condemned Germany in the Stresa Front and then signed an agreement with them, allowing them some sort of navy. Britain’s condemnation of Mussolini and the sanctions made him disgruntled and dissatisfied. These sanctions were an example of complete failure, as it achieved nothing at all. It was half hearted and it angered Mussolini at the same time, which pushed him into the arms of Germany, resulting in nothing being achieved. As during the time of the crisis, Hitler supported Mussolini and gained his favour, which ended up in them two signing pacts such as the Rome-Berlin axis and the pact of steel. The policy of appeasement failed wholly in some respects, because Britain did not achieve her aim of keeping Mussolini on her side, which was what Britain wanted. But it ended up that Mussolini and Hitler became much closer as they supported the Fascist group during the Spanish Civil War, by both sending troops to aid them, while Britain stood idly by doing nothing. The acceptance of the Anschluss from Italy was a great success for Germany and a  greater blow to the treaty and Britain. Mussolini invaded and conquered Abyssinia in the end, which was the result of Britain’s half-hearted sanctions. This also gave confidence to both Mussolini and Hitler, as it showed them how feeble and indecisive Britain during the Abyssinian crisis, giving them the impression that they could perform such acts again. In conclusion, Britain’s policies of appeasement were successful up until the Hoare-Laval pact, as from then on; British appeasement failed and became unsuccessful, because Italy ended up on Germany’s side in the Second World War. Also after the Abyssinian crisis, appeasement could be seen as an unnecessary policy, due to the fact that Mussolini was on Hitler’s side. Yet Britain pressed on with appeasement, such as the Easter Accords, which accepted the status quo of the Middle East and Abyssinia, but this is negligible as Mussolini did not actually stick to it and did not achieve anything. The successful examples were not significant overall, as the unsuccessful cases were more prevalent and outweigh them.

John Updikes A&P Essay -- John Updike A&P Essays

John Updike's A&P In a small town everything is familiar and often taken for granted. In John Updike’s short story, A&P, the main character, Sammy, discovers a beauty unlike anything he has ever seen in his small town before. Queenie’s simple magnificence so stuns him that he quits his job in her defense. The narrator says: "Around they come, Queenie still leading the way, and holding a little gray jar in her hand. Slots Three through Seven are unmanned and I could see her wondering between Stokes and me, but Stokesie with his usual luck draws an old party in baggy gray pants who stumbles up with four giant cans of pineapple juice (what do these bums do with all that pineapple juice' I've often asked myself) so the girls come to me. Queenie puts down the jar and I take it into my fingers icy cold. Kingfish Fancy Herring Snacks in Pure Sour Cream: 49 ¢. Now her hands are empty, not a ring or a bracelet, bare as God made them, and I wonder where the money's coming from. Still with that prim look she lifts a folded dollar bill out of the hollow at the center of her nubbled pink top. The jar went heavy in my hand. Really, I thought that was so cute." The narrative voice in this selection clearly demonstrates the qualities of the main character, the narrator. Through the diction and tone contained within the narrative voice, it is obvious that Sammy is still in his teens and has a very mature perception of women. It is first helpful to know that A&P is written in the first person and that the narrator is an objective narrator; that is, he relies on his observations and never knows what is going on in the minds of others. Sammy is also a participant narrator because he is in the story he is telling. Because Sam... ...t.† Sammy has the right to be excited by something out of the ordinary, and it is clear in is tone that he is excited. The use of a relaxed tone in a first-person narrative voice simplifies the language to a degree that suggests the narrator is quite young, probably still in his teens. His job at the A&P may be his first real working experience in his small town, and it is evident that he has adopted a certain mindset about the people who come in. When three unique girls (unique among each other and unique to their environment) enter the store in bathing suits and bare feet, Sammy is excited by the change in pace. He becomes so mentally involved with their existence without mentioning any sort of sexual attraction, that even the reader adopts an awe in Queenie and her followers. Sammy is young, but his behavior is most mature, and certainly admirable.

Birch Paper Company Case Solution Essay

Birch Paper Company is a medium sized, partly-integrated paper company. It produces white and craft papers and paperboard. It has four producing divisions and a timberland division – The Thompson division converts the paperboard output into corrugated box and prints and colors the outside surface of the box. The Northern division produces the paper box, while the Southern division supplies the corrugating medium and inner and outer liners. Timberland division supplies part of the company’s pulp requirement. It has been the company policy of decentralization to allow the divisions to act independently in all the affairs of their divisions except for the broader company policy, each division is judged on the basis of its profit generation and return on investment figures. Each division is free to buy from any supplier he wished, and even for dealings within the company, divisions were expected to match the market price if they wanted the business. This policy according to the company’s top management has worked well and delivered the desired results. The Northern division had designed a special box in collaboration with the Southern division with Thompson’s staff perfecting the design and production methods over several months, the Thompson division was reimbursed for its effort according to the agreement between the two divisions. The Northern division has asked for bids for the development of the boxes from the Thompson and two outside companies, Thompson quoted a price of $480 a thousand, West Paper Company a price of $430 a thousand and Eire Papers Inc a price of $432 a thousand. If Thompson gets the order, it would buy linerboard and corrugating medium from the Southern division. If Eire Papers win the bid, they have agreed to buy outside liner from the Southern division and print their boxes from the Thompson division. The manager of the Thompson division is adamant on its bidding price, it includes the full 20 percent overhead and profit charge and its manager feel that his division is entitled to the profit having done the development work on the box and having received no profit. The commercial Vice President of the Birch is discussing the bidding details with the manager of the Northern division, accepting Thompson’s bid will raise the cost of the Northern division that is competing in a very competitive market. In absence of any order from the top management, the  Northern division will accept the lowest bid of $430 from West Paper Company. The Thompson and Southern divisions are not operating at their full capacity, their under utilization is of concern to the Vice President. This transaction, although less than the 5 percent of the volume of any of the divisions involved, might affect the future transactions of the divisions. Situation Analysis In Birch Paper Company, each division is judged by the profit it generates and the return on investment to the capital invested in. This model has delivered results in line with the expectations from the top management. Except for the overall company policy each division is authorized to take all the decisions independently including the purchase and sales within the company divisions. In absence of any directive from the top management, the Northern division will accept the lowest bid of $430 from the West Paper Company for it will be the lowest and will be in the best interests of the Northern division, but not necessarily of the Birch company as a whole unit. Accepting this bid will mean no business for the Thompson and Southern divisions at all, which already are not in a good financial state. Calculation of cost with the Northern division and Company perspective  $480 bid from Thompson division is the highest and will increase the cost price of the Northern division drastically. It is competing in a highly competing market and buying at this price will mean compromising heavily on its profits. But this deal will be a boost to the fortunes of the sick Thompson division, it will make some profit and will add some positive to its balance sheet. Also it will give business to the Southern division. The  overall cost to the company will be lowest in this deal, $288. Deal will be in benefits of the Birch company but that will come at a cost paid by the Northern division. Also this might create problems in the future, divisions might be tempted to go for higher bids when bidding for the internal divisions order. $432 bid from the Eire Paper s is also the along the same line as that of the West Papers, it is competitive and matches the going market price. The deal will bring some business to both the Thompson and Southern divisions of the Birch company. But here also the cost to the company, $391, will be much higher from that of Thompson’s bid. There is one major issue concerned with the operations of the Thompson division, whether it is operating efficiently. The other bids from the external competitors are as per the market price, Thompson’s bid of $480 is too high as per the market standards, it is $50 higher than the lowest bid, also the manager of the Thompson division is adamant on not lowering the bid price, this raises the question whether the division is operating efficiently, this is just one deal, how it will compete in the open market space with the other competitors. The Vice President finds it odd that the manager of the Thompson division has added the full overhead cost and the profit margins to the bid price, which could have been more competitive. Also, the Southern division is operating at the market price although it is also facing the similar problem of under utilization of its full capacity. He has to take into account concerns of the company and also at the same time ensure that the divisions’ performance is not negatively affected by his decision. If he orders the acceptance of the Thompson’s bid, it would be unfair to the interests of the Northern division and also set the wrong precedents for the future actions of the divisions, although the deal volume is less on a relative scale, but its implications will affect the operations of the divisions, divisions will be tempted to bid higher than the market price when dealing with the internal divisions and this will be determinant to the overall interest to the company. He has also to see that the deal is fair to the other divisions as well, the Thompson and Southern divisions are in dire need of the business and it is in the interests of the company that they keep running profitably. The total cost to the company should be low. The commercial vice president is facing this unusual situation, where he has to decide whether to intervene into, and if yes what should he do and how? Objective The Vice President has to ensure that the company’s interests are secured and the overall operations of the divisions are not negatively affected, his action is fair to all the divisions and the divisions remain competitively placed in the market. Summing them, the objective statement can be defined as, â€Å"To optimize the divisions profitability that is fair to the interests of all the divisions ensuring that the action is in the best interests of the company.† Decision Problem He has a lot of options with him as to what to do, and to decide which is the best option is the problem faced by the Vice President. It has been the company’s policy of decentralization as to not intervene in the daily affairs of the divisions. But at the same time the Thompson division is struggling to make profits, acceptance of the Thompson bid will make the Northern division lose out to the competitors. To decide as to what action to take keeping in mind the best interests of the divisions and the company is the decision problem faced by the Vice President of the Birch Paper Company. Decision criteria Below mentioned points should serve as the criteria to the decision to be made by the Vice President. 1.Divisions remain competitive in the market.   It is the most important criteria, one division cannot be made profitable at the cost of the other, other divisions have to improve their efficiency as per the market standards, the decentralized model has worked well and delivered the results, and all the firms should operate as per the market standards. Efficiency and competitive spirit of the divisions should not be compromised with. 2.Ailing divisions are being taken care of. It is in the interests of the company that all the divisions remain healthy, they are given enough boost to remain competitive in the market. For this it is imperative that they are getting business. 3.Long term interests of the company are not compromised. Any action that the Vice President takes is bound to have some short term and long term implications, it should be ensured that the decision ensures that in the long term the company and the divisions are to gain from it. The action should not encourage the divisions to continue with their inefficient practices, instead it should encourage them in the long run to generate profits on their own without expecting any special favors from other divisions. Alternatives 1.Order Northern division to accept Thompson’s division bid of $480. The Vice President orders the Northern division to accept the highest bid of $480 from the Thompson division, the manager of the Northern division will have to accept the order, it will bring business to the Thompson and the Southern divisions. 2.Don’t intervene. This action will result in the Northern division accepting the lowest bid of $430 from the West Paper Company, it will mean no business for the Thompson and the Southern divisions, but will be in the best interests of the Northern division. 3.Ask Northern division to consider bid of Eire Papers of $432. $432 is not very high as compared to $430, the Vice President can ask the manager of the Northern division to consider the bid of Eire Papers, as it will not hurt the interest of the Northern division and also will give some business to the Thompson and Southern divisions. Evaluation of Alternatives Alternative 1: This decision will give a boost to the operations of the Thompson and Southern division. They were in dire need of the business, also the cost to the company will be lowest in this case. This will satisfy criteria no 2. But this action will be against the interests of the Northern division, it’s cost price will increase thus leading to fall in profits, it will not remain competitive in the market. This will not satisfy Criteria no 1. This deal is  bound to have some long term implications, in the future operations the divisions will be tempted to raise their bids when bidding for the other divisions order in hope of being selected over the competitors, this will promote inefficiency culture in the divisions and the competitive spirit of the division will be negatively affected by this decision, it will not satisfy the criteria no 3. Alternative 2: No intervention on part of the Vice President will prompt the manager of the Northern division to accept the lowest bid of the West Papers, this will ensure that the Northern division remains competitive in the market, and also the other Thompson division will be forced to align its price to that of the market, to improve its efficiency and compete in the market on equal lines. This will satisfy criteria no 1. This bid will mean no business for the Thompson and Southern divisions, their condition will only get worse with it, their fixed costs will remain fixed and it will also hurt the interests of the company as a whole. This will not satisfy criteria no 2. The deal long term implications will not have any adverse effect on the operations of the divisions, the divisions will be expected to match the market price and it will promote the competitive spirit among the divisions. This will satisfy criteria no 3. Alternative 3: The Vice President can ask the manager of the Northern division to consider the bid of the Eire Papers of $432, as it is as per the market standards and there is not any substantial difference with the lowest bid of $430. The Northern division will remain competitive in the market and also the other divisions will match up to the market standards. This will satisfy criteria no 1. Also, this decision will bring some business to the ailing Thompson and Southern divisions. They will generate some profit for them, this will certainly give some boost to their operations, although the quantum will be much lesser than it had been when the Thompson bid was accepted. But, nevertheless this will satisfy criteria no 2. This decision will positively encourage other divisions to keep the interests of the other divisions in mind when the cost of implicating it are not high, it will ensure competitive nature of the divisions, in the long run all the divisions and the company is bound to gain by this division. Best Alternative Criteria 1Criteria 2Criteria 3 Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 As we can see from the above table, Alternative 1 fulfills only one criteria, whereas Alternative 2 two criteria, Alternative 3 fulfills all the three criteria, this is the best option that the Vice President should go with. Implementation Plan The Vice President should communicate his desire that the bid of Eire Papers is selected, he should not enforce his decision on the manager of the Northern division for it will be an action of interference in the daily affairs of the divisions, instead he should modify the company policy which directs the divisions to take into account the interests of the other divisions and that of the company as a whole if it doesn’t significantly affect the operations of the concerned division, also he should have recognize such actions by the divisions by some rewards or special mentions of the divisions. He should communicate this policy to all the divisions. Contingency Plan In case the manager of the Northern division decides not to accept the bid of the Eire Papers and instead goes for the West Paper bid, the Vice President should order the manager to accept the bid of the Eire Papers. And if even after the Eire papers deal, the profitability of the Thompson division doesn’t show any significant improvement, it remains to operate inefficiently he should sack manager of the Thompson division on account of inefficient production and consistent show of poor performance.

High School and Enrollment Essay

1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Background of the Study Now days the enrollment processing is always the toughest time the school faces every year. The subject of our study is the Silway-8 National High School, a public school located at Silway-8 Polomolok, South Cotabato. This school employs 34 teachers, 1 principal and has a student population of 1,325 this year. The enrollment procedure of the school is manually done, though they have computer units, they use the computer only for printing ordinary reports and for the student’s computer laboratory session. During enrollment the principal assigns one chairman for each year level to handle the enrollment processing. In using the manual process of enrollment they find it hard to handle such a collection of records. It is a long procedure and time consuming task particularly in recording, filing and retrieving of student’s information. The proponent’s proposed a Computerized Enrollment System that will reduce the processing time of enrollment process. A system that provides a faster and organize way of storing and retrieving student’s record. 1. 2 Overview of the Current State of Technology. The goal of this study aims to develop a Computerized Enrollment System for Silway-8 National High School. This System stores information in a faster, systematic and more convenient way of storing files of the enrollees in a computer . The work load of the enrollment in-charge are lessen in storing files of each student every now and then. The enrollment procedure of Silway-8 National High School is done manually. This manual process of enrollment creates difficulties in handling records, like storing, securing and retrieving of files. The processing aspect is time consuming. They have hard time classifying students for sectioning and they don’t have back up for their records. Once a record is lost they cannot retrieve it. When the school was once hit by flash floods all of their records were destroyed. These are the reasons that brought the proponents to develop a Computerized Enrollment System that will ease the hassle and burdens of the enrollment in-charge with the manual process. In this study, the use of Visual Basic . Net and Navicat for mySQL database will help to improve the efficiency of the enrollment process of Silway-8. National High School. 1. 3 Project Rational As such, having a computerized Enrollment System would increase the efficiency by reducing human error of recording and filing such records. It would also lessen storage area and would provide easy access for reference by the administrator or any personnel if needed. Computerized Enrollment System is design for the benefits of Silway-8 National High School. It will help the faculty in monitoring the records of the students. Computerized Enrollment System is use to make the transaction fast, and accurate. It can display the records of each student through student LRN and all other information. Systems operations proceed faster, more efficiently and with greater accuracy than manual enrollment systems. This can lessen the workload and provides accurate information needed of the school. As a result, it will benefit not only the student but the administration as a whole. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem 1. 2. 1 General Problem The Silway-8 National High School is currently using a manual Enrollment System that is cumbersome and inefficient monitoring of Enrollment process. 1. 2. 2 Specific Problem. Manual procedure of enrollment is time consuming, long procedure and records are not secured. It can be easily damaged and can be updated by unauthorized personnel without permission of the administrator. 1. 2 Objective of the Study 1. 3. 1 General Objectives * To help ease the problem in managing records on enrollment of Silway-8 National High School 1. 3. 2 Specific Objectives * To develop a Computerized Enrollment System to handle and manage student’s records that provides easy searching and retrieval of records. * To help the school have a secured data storage for enrollment record. 1. 3 Significance of the Study The significance of this study is to develop a Computerized Enrollment System that will help Silway-8 National High School for a much organized and easy Enrollment System. It will also help secure the data of the school; it will reduce processing time for enrollment since they can easily view the information of the enrollees and print the class list to know the students who are currently enrolled in the specific year. If just in case student fails a subject, through the said system they were able to extract accurate student records. For the proponents, it will help us to cultivate our knowledge and skills in programming and system development as a source of experience. We can then be able to train ourselves and practice in the real world of work of our chosen course. This study aims to develop a computerize enrollment system. With the computerized enrollment systems helps save time for the school and provide faster way on recording transactions. Through this study the researchers will learn the importance of enrollment system in a business organization. The computerize enrollment system is a big help to solve the problems that have encountered by the school. 1. 4 Scope and Limitation 1. 5. 1Scope Computerized Enrollment System is intended for Silway-8 National High School and designed to perform the following: * Can add, edit, update and search information related in enrollment transactions. * It has security access level through log-in forms with different users. * Can provide class list for teachers * Can generate reports and prints. * The System is Network base. 1. 5. 3 Limitations The system cannot be used for other school activities like: * Clinic transactions, science laboratory and supply room transactions of the school. The system does not include transaction like: * accounting * billing * Cashiering * grading system * for class and subject scheduling * Methodology After a detailed consideration among the members of the group, the proponents agreed to use SDLC or the System Development Life Cycle as our methodology for the system that is to be built. One advantage of using SDLC is it can return to its preceding phase in case of errors at any of its stages. The SDLC is the process of creating or changing systems, models and methodologies that is used to develop the system. The idea generally refers to computer information system. The phases of SDLC are shown below. PLANNING ANALYSIS DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION MAINTENANCE Figure: 2. 0 System Development Life Cycles Planning Phase In this phase, the proponents starts to search where the manual evaluation of the process takes place like gathering data through conducting interviews and gather some necessary sample reports to the school and then the group planned to divide the work load to each member. In this phase the project duration and measure was identified to come with a project that is achievable. Analysis Phase  The proponents start to gather information to come up with a solution for the problem of the company. Analyzing the process of evaluation by considering the actual evaluation and finding out what the evaluation takes, and build a further flexible, efficient and appropriate system for the improvement of the manual system. The proponents will also identify the requirements that are required in structuring the new system, and how it will improve the transaction being done by the company. Design Phase During this phase, the proponents started to build the system’s interface of the whole system using the information being gathered. The features and functions of the system are individual built to answer the problems and to comply the necessary requirements. The proponents used Visual Basic. Net programming language and MySQL as backed for the said system. Implementation Phase In preparation for implementation, the necessary data for the execution of the system will be collected from respective sources, i. e. the registrar. These data will then be uploaded to the server here it will be imported into the system. Prior to formal launch or deployment, the system will be tested to confirm the availability of the imported data. Maintenance Phase  Software Maintenance is a process of changing a system after it has been delivered and in use. After the software is being delivered, changes may occur because of errors have been encountered. 3. 0 Data Gathering Procedures & Output The proponents conducted a group discussion to identify which company we should choose as the subject of our study. After the proponent had chosen a prospect company, the proponents prepared a letter of request for the respondents asking permission in making Silway-8 National high School as the subject of our study. The letter was presented to the school principal Mrs. Eva Cosep with the focus and objectives of the study. Upon the approval of the request, the proponents prepared an outline as a guide questionnaire to lead them in gathering important information needed for the success of the study. With the data being gathered, the proponents were able to draw the structure of the project. Interview – the proponents have an open communication with the user who is involved in doing the manual process of the school transactions. The team was provided with materials and sample documents of the existing reports as well as interview with the individuals involved of the process. Library Research – as additional information for the proposed Computerized Enrollment System the proponents referred to the unpublished and published books found in the library. Internet Research – the proponents used the internet for information gathering regarding Enrollment System. 4. 0 The Existing System 4. 1Company Background The Silway-8 National High School is located at Silway-8 Polomolok South Cotabato. It was establish on June 1986 at present it has 37 faculty staff, 34 teaching staff, 1detailed principal, 3 personnel and maximum of 1,325 students. The total numbers of students are composed of five sections for First Year and Second year, four sections for third year and fourth year, and 65 students per section. The School has 1 computer laboratory but still using manual enrollment system. At present the school principal is Ms. Eva Cosep. 4. 2 Description of the System The enrollment procedure of Silway-8 National High School is done manually. Though the school has computer units but it is used only for the student’s studies and for generating common reports. Every year the school held their enrollment at the gymnasium. The principal assigned one chairman every year level to process the enrollment. The procedure of their manual enrollment system is first the student asks for enrollment form from the chairman and filled it out with the necessary information. The curriculum head (chairman) then checked is the students have complied all of the requirements for enrollment. The chairman takes down the general weighted average of student because that is the basis for sectioning. They don’t have master list of enrollees and when the principal want know the number of enrollees she ask the class advisers the number of students that  comprises in her class. 5. 0 Software/Project Estimation 5. 1 Schedule of Activities GANTT CHART MONTHS| JULY| AUGUST| SEPTEMBER| ACTIVITIES| WEEKS| WEEKS| WEEKS| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 1| 2| 3| 4| 1| 2| 3| 4|. Find a Company| | | | | | | | | | | | | Interview| | | | | | | | | | | | |Project Proposal| | | | | | | | | | | | Planning| | | | | | | | | | | | | Analysis| | | | | | | | | | | | | Design| | | | | | | | | | | | | System Coding| | | | | | | | | | | | | Documentation| | | | | | | | | | | | | Implementation| | | | | | | | | | | | | LEGEND UNFINISHED START DATE COMPLETED IN PROCESS 5. 2 Cost Estimation AMOUNT  Laptop (2 Units)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P 60,000. 00 Printing Preliminary printing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P200. 00 Final Documentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P 185. 00 Book Binding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P 130. 00 Fare†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ P 200. 00 Miscellaneous†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P150. 00 TOTAL P 60,865. 00 | Planning includes budgeting to determine how much it will cost to develop the system. In coping up with the estimated cost the proponents made list of all expenses possibly use in the project. In order to minimize the expenses the proponents don’t need to buy the materials needed because some members of our group can provide it voluntarily 6. 0 Proposed System 6. 1 Proposed System Overview The proposed Computerized Enrolment System of Silway-8 National High School is network base. Our goal is to produce a system that will satisfy the needs of the school and students. To meet this goal, we have created the application in our system that enables user to add, edit, search and insert student’s record. This application is intuitive and easy to use, so that the process of enrolment is more convenient. The proponents developed the system which can minimize the time in order to access on the records of the students, as this enrollment process will much faster than the manual system. The system is comprehensive which provide features such as adding students into list, updating student’s information, sectioning of the students, search and view list of enrollees per section and year level. The system also creates class list for the teachers, by entering their name automatically she/he can view the list of students belong in her class. The proponents created a security access of the system which is only the administrator have the full control over the system to prevent discrepancies from happening. Users have limited privileges. They system also have transaction log which the administrator can view who have access into the system on that certain date and time. The action made of the users can be viewed also. These features are created to protect records from being deleted or damaged. The Navicat for my sql is the database the proponents have used to manage and handles the data being stored. 7. 0 SOFTWARE DESIGN SPECIFICATION 7. 1 Process Specification PROCESS 1: User Log-in Enter username of the user THEN enter the password IF the inputs are correct THEN Log-in successful. ELSE IF inputs are incorrect THEN Log-in not successful Repeat END IF PROCESS 2: Add Student Fill all the fields and set values If fields are valid THEN Successfully added ELSE IF adding is not successful END IF PROCESS 3: Search Student Update all fields If all are valid THEN Successfully updated ELSE IF not successfully updated END IF PROCESS 4: Enroll Student Fill all fields If all inputs are correct THEN Enroll Student is successful ELSE IF enroll student not successful END IF 8. 0 System Implementation 8. 1 Programming Consideration. Basically, the proposed system for Silway-8 National High School has four front-end namely the Bookkeeper, Clerk, Adviser and Principal. The Clerk is able to maximize the work load and activity regarding enrollment system. The proponents basically designed the proposed enrollment system using MS Visual Basic. Net as development tool and Navicat for Mysql as the back-end or storage of the database. 8. 2 System Requirements Specification 8. 2. 1 Hardware Requirements The following are the minimum hardware requirements for complete and proper functionality. For best possible result, the proponents recommend to use hardware higher than the requirements stated below: For Standard Set of Computer with the following specifications: * System Unit * At least 256mb RAM * At least 30GB Hard Disk * At least 16Hz processor * Monitor-CTR or LCD * UPS- Un interrupted Power Supply * Keyboard and Mouse 8. 2. 2 Software Requirements Computer Software or just software is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling computer what to do and how to do it. Below are the software requirements for the system. * Visual Basic. Net * Mysql Navicat * The proponents recommend using at least windows XP operating system installed in the personal computer. However, for better computer performance it is suggested to install higher windows operating system. 8. 2. 3 Human Resources Requirements It is necessarily that a user is a computer literate to be able to operate the computerized Enrollments System for Silway-8 National High School. The designed system is user-friendly that will be easily learned and mastered. The proponents suggest proper training and orientation on how to operate the system. 9. 0 Software Maintenance Plan. We will give the company three months maintenance for the system. After the given time, further maintenance sessions will be charged P500. The maintenance session covers the following: * Debugging of the system in case of any errors. * Updating the system. * Maintaining Hardware components that we required. * Installing new programs and applications that the system needs. * Training of the personnel * Aside from the things mentioned above, we are not responsible to cater other problems except if with payment. Corrective Maintenance The developer will focus on the diagnosis and correction of one or more errors. Corrective maintenance would change the system to correct existing defects. Once the developer finds an error the system must be repair immediately. Preventive Maintenance In this phase, changing some of the system’s component will occur to improve maintainability and reliability to provide a better basis for future enhancement. This performs preventive measures to avoid system errors. Adaptive Maintenance In this phase there would be an occurrence of modifying system’s component in order for the system to accommodate changes to its external environment

Commonly Confused Words Diagnosis and Prognosis

Commonly Confused Words Diagnosis and Prognosis The words  diagnosis and prognosis are commonly (though not exclusively) used in the medical field. Both terms contain the root word gnosis, which means knowledge. But  diagnosis and prognosis refer to different kinds of knowledge or information. Definitions The noun diagnosis refers to the process of analyzing information to understand or explain something. The plural of diagnosis is diagnoses. The adjective form is diagnostic. The noun prognosis means a forecast or predictiona judgment about what is likely to occur in the future. The plural of prognosis is prognoses. In the medical field, diagnosis relates to identifying and understanding the nature of a disease or disorder, while a prognosis  is a prediction of the probable outcome of a disease or disorder. Examples Medical researchers are examining strategies for the early diagnosis of Alzheimers disease.A simple 15-minute brain scan could help doctors diagnose people* with  autism  by identifying structural differences in their brains. Scientists say the scans would speed up what is currently a long and emotional diagnostic procedure and allow the identification of at-risk children more rapidly.​(Alok Jha, Autism Can Be Diagnosed With Brain ScanStudy. The Guardian [UK], August 10, 2010)* See usage notes below.  The prognosis for continued and sustainable improvements in human well-being on a transformed planet Earth is, at best, guarded.​(W.C. Clark et al., Science for Global Sustainability.  Earth System Analysis for Sustainability, ed. by Hans-Joachim Schellnhuber et al. MIT Press, 2004)Our task was to  learn all that was known  about the natural history of disease so that we could make an accurate diagnosis and a reasonably probabilistic prognosis.  That done, ou r function as doctors  would be to enlist the best possible nursing care, explain matters to the patient and family, and stand by.​(Lewis Thomas, The Fragile Species. Touchstone, 1996) Usage Notes The distinguishing  difference between diagnosis and prognosis  is that prognosis implies the prediction of a future state. Thus, to accomplish prognosis requires both diagnostic and predictive tools, the former to sense the current state of damage and the latter to predict the future state based on projected usage and applicable life-prediction routines.​(Materials Damage Prognosis, ed. by James M. Larsen et al., 2005)  The disease, not the patient, is diagnosed. Do not write She was diagnosed with cancer. But also avoid stilted constructions like this: She was given a diagnosis of cancer. Consider simpler alternatives: She learned she had cancer. Tests showed she had cancer. Her doctor told her she had cancer.(Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly, The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, 5th ed. Three Rivers Press, 2015)Lurie 1927 disapproves of using the verb diagnose with a person as its object, even though there is often no other way of avoiding a stilted se ntence. . . . [W]e believe that it is more frequently found in speech than in writing. However, the usefulness of this sense of diagnose is manifest, and its use in writing may well increase.(Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage, 1994) Practice (a) When the ships engine wouldnt start, the chief engineer offered a _____ of the problem.(b) The gloomy _____ for jobs and incomes in the coming year sent stock prices falling. Answers to Practice Exercises (a) When the ships engine wouldnt start, the chief engineer offered a  diagnosis  of the problem.(b) The gloomy  prognosis  for jobs and incomes in the coming year sent stock prices falling.

Legal and finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal and finance - Assignment Example ed with a minimum economic wage and the number of the hours worked in the day should be compensated in the form of overtime if it surpasses the standard working hours. The government sets the minimum wage, and any private or public sector must conform to it. Payment of extra hours worked should be more than the usual working rate. These legislations are provided for by the fair labor standards act administered by the wage and hour division department in the federal system. Workers are also entitled to safety working conditions at workplaces. This law is provided for by the fed under occupational and safety health Act (OSHA). The employees should only work with a free harmful environment, and the organization should take responsibility whenever a person is injured in the cause of duty. The department monitors this by inspections of various firms and ensures that all employees are safe. The federal act also provides for family and medical leave which is unpaid. Hence, employees can always attend to cases of serious health, allow women to give birth and take care of the young ones and any other family responsibility that may befall them. Any organization that does not comply with these laws and denies employee their accessibility is subject to prosecution in a court of justice. Ways on how the salary is arrived at or determined. It should be based on duties, experience, educational investment of the employee and any other relevant factor that may require compensation. This factor prevents exploitation of the employee. However, the compensation of workers must be of market wage rate and employees should be contented with it. Since the organization is trading in a competitive market, demanding of high salaries and more benefits would do a great harm and the employee’s jobs will not be protected (Vargas & Noruzi,2011).. The organization will experience a high costs in operations that may force the firm to lay off workers, or the company may quit operations since

Fundraising Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fundraising Plan - Essay Example The fundraising extends a period of three weeks, a period within which the managers will develop and trade various products and services before culminating into a large fundraising dinner on 14/11/2014 at the University’s pavilion. The fundraising is a way for the university’s teams to involve the community in its development. The teams seek to enjoy financial independence by creating an effective management team that will oversee the utilization of all its resources for posterity of athletics in the society (Tullberg, 2006). Hill toppers has been the name of the university’s team since 1925. The teams take part in different sporting events thereby contributing to the extracurricular development of the students. Additionally, the sports offer the students with an effective platform to interact and develop their management skills. The teams have grown concurrently with the University (Blick, 2011). Since 2005, Hill toppers has achieved great success owing to the effective management of the teams. The teams have a history of raising funds to acquire resources and enhance the success of the teams. In 2007 for example, the teams raised two hundred thousand dollars for the development of both a soccer and football pitches within the university. The success of the fundraising event enhanced the performance of the two sports a feature that informs the current even which sees to raise adequate resources for refurbishing the entire university’s sport’s fraternity. The fundraising’s strengths include the diversity of the services and products. This implies that the fundraising will raise money from numerous sources. Additionally, the large duration coupled with the large number of interested stakeholders ensures that the project exhausts all its resources. Its weakness on the other hand is the huge sum it seeks

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Business Law - Essay Example This paper finds that implied terms, as it has long been considered to be integral component of the structure of employment contract, plays vital role in the formation of terms and conditions that are applicable to the employment contract. The research is structured considering the doctrine of precedence and the employment relationship. An employment contract forms to be the basis on which an employee is employed under an employer. If there is no employment contract, the employee cannot be categorized to be an employee (Bell, p. 27). The employment contract is legally binding relationship between an employer and his employee that defines the structure and contents of the relationship between each of them and it strengthens all the claims to employment tribunals and litigates legal risks and liabilities (Leighton, p. 11). Recruitment, one of the fundamental functions of HRM, is a basic step to create an employment contract and relation between employer and employee and this, if conducted effectively, can ease the procedure of forming employment contract by including relevant terms and contents in it. The contract of employment is very similar to any other legal contract in many aspects. Generally, a contract of employment will be expressed in writing, but this not the case always as in the case of other contracts (Bell, p. 28). It is legally and strongly advisable to the employer to issue a written contract so that it will help mitigate all legal risks associated with employment and also to avoid misunderstandings between both the parties. There can be temporary of full time employment contracts as well in which contract is agreed between the parties that it will end within a specific period of time or it is of unlimited duration (Macdonald, p. 36- 37). The contract of employment may consist of a number of terms and conditions and these can either be expressed or implied. Expressed terms are those that both the parties

Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete - Essay Example Two-point load test was used to examine the bending moment of the bars while the cubes were subjected to compression tests for estimating their compressive strength. The flexural strength was also quantified. The effects observed on the steel fiber and steel bar reinforced beams and cubes were compared with those of beams and cubes made with plain concrete. The observations and comparisons are discussed. Introduction High durability and strength are an important prerequisite for concrete structures as they are continuously exposed to various forces, both static and dynamic (Elavenil & Knight 2007). Therefore, considerable research in recent years has focused on enhancing these properties in concrete. The use of fibers for reinforcement in concrete has been shown to improve its behavior. Reinforcement with fibers improves the toughness of concrete under any kind of loading as the fibers increase the strain experienced at peak load and enhance energy absorption (Van Chanh 2005). While several fibers such as glass, steel, cellulous and synthetic fibers are used for concrete reinforcement, the effects of reinforcement using steel fibers is explicitly discussed here. Special emphasis is given to the mechanical properties and performance of SFRC as compared to plain concrete. ... Hence, a large amount of energy has to be absorbed before there is complete separation of the concrete post-cracking. The material properties of any fiber reinforced concrete will vary with the dosage of the fiber, the geometry of the fiber and the different combinations of fibers used (Ross n.d.). Aims and Objectives The aim of this investigation is to examine the effects of steel fiber reinforcement on the mechanical properties of concrete. For this purpose, both steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and plain concrete have been compared. The beams and cubes examined in this experiment are made of: 1. Steel fiber HE (Hooked End) reinforced concrete at a ratio of 20 kg/m3 2. Steel fiber HE reinforced concrete at a ratio of 40 kg/m3 3. Steel fiber XR reinforced concrete at a ratio of 20 kg/m3 4. Steel fiber XR reinforced concrete at a ratio of 40 kg/m3 5. Plain concrete 6. Normally reinforced concrete with two 6mm diameter bars 7. Normally reinforced concrete with four 6mm diameter bars As the main aim of this study is to compare the performance of SFRC and plain concrete, it can be subdivided into the following objectives for ease of study: Studying the flexural strength of both SFRC and plain concrete beams Studying the compressive strength of both SFRC and plain concrete cubes Comparing the flexural and bending failures The performance of the different beams and cubes made with SFRC is also compared based on the distribution of fiber in the concrete, and based on the shape of the fiber, i.e. HE and XR. Literature Review Influence of Fibers on Mechanical Properties of SFRC There are different types of steel fibers sold under various commercial names. Based on their manufacturing process, they are divided into

Radiation Exposure In Intraoral Radiography Health And Social Care Essay

Radiation Exposure In Intraoral Radiography Health And Social Care Essay Dental radiography is one of the most frequent types of radiological procedures performed. One of the projections that have been done in the dental radiography is the intraoral radiography, which means the film is put inside the patients mouth. The intraoral can be divided into four, which are bitewing view, periapical view, occlusal view and full mouth series. There are conventional intraoral radiography and another one, with the advances in technology, the digital intraoral radiography is been developed. In this new imaging modality, the radiographic film is replaced by a sensor for the X-rays. The signal temporarily stored within the sensors is transferred to the computer, which displays an image that may be filed, interpreted, manipulated and quantified. The digital intraoral radiography is divided into two, which are two fundamentally different concepts for direct digital image acquisition, the CCD-based (charge-coupled device) and the Storage Phosphor systems. The intraoral radiography is said to have a low exposure dose received by the patients. According to the several sources that can be trusted, the exposure dose received by the dental patient equivalent to a few days worth of background radiation environmental radiation exposure or similar to the dose received during a cross-country airplane flight. Digital dental radiography is more preferable because although film has been an inexpensive and reliable image receptor in dental radiography for a long time, the advantages of digital dental radiography over film include providing a lower radiation dose, a swift availability of radiographs, the possibility of image enhancement and no need for film processing chemicals. DOSES IN INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHY In digital intraoral radiography, the mean exposure time and radiation surface dose for the PSP is greater than that for the CCD system by a factor of 2.45. However, there was also a significantly higher repeat rate using the CCD system compared to the PSP system. Therefore, despite the CCD system requiring more repeat exposures, the radiation received by the patient is less. CCD systems showed a larger dose reduction in comparison to PSP imaging plates. Another study reported that the dose reduction as a result of shorter exposure times exceeded the increase in doses as a result of the greater number of radiographs with both digital systems. However, with the CCD sensors the dose reduction per exposure was almost cancelled out by the increase in the number of radiographs taken. Although the patient exposure associated with dental radiography is relatively low, intraoral radiography should be optimised in order to keep the radiation risk as low as reasonably achievable, something that is widely known as the ALARA principle but at the same time, produce a best quality of image. Any radiological procedure should be justified and modified in order to keep the radiation risk as low as reasonably achievable, especially to the children. Compared to adults, children are more sensitive to the radiation exposure. Dose assessment is recommended to be performed on a regular basis to ensure that patient exposure is always kept within the recommended levels and at the same time, the malfunction of the equipment also can be detected. All radiological procedures carried out on children must adapt to special radiation protection measures, which aims at recognising and implementing possible dose reduction strategies in order to eliminate unnecessary and therefore unjustified radiation exposure. Over the past 20 years both the X-ray units and the X-ray receptors used in dental radiology have been evolved. Modern dental X-ray units incorporate high frequency generators, operate at higher tube potentials and produce X-ray spectra that have higher mean energy and therefore are more penetrating compared to those produced by older dental X-ray units. These improvements have contributed in the reduction of the radiation dose to the e ntrance skin surface of the patient and the enhancement of image quality. According to Hart (2009), the new adult reference dose for intra-oral radiographs (2.3 mGy) is 40% lower than the 1999 value (4 mGy), probably owing to the use of faster film-screen and digital systems. This is the first time that a national reference dose for intra-oral radiographs on children has been recommended (1.5 mGy), and it is, 35% lower than the corresponding adult value. Some studies show that there is a large dose variation between different X-ray units used for the same radiographic projection and it is relatively low. However, although radiation exposure from intaoral radiography is considered to be low, the patient may have a chance to undergo repeated dental radiological procedures. Therefore, the accumulated effect of the radiation exposure should be taken into consideration. Salivary gland and the thyroid gland are among the organs at risk in dental radiology. Salivary gland, which often lies within the primary beam in intraoral radiographic projections has been shown to receive dose from 0.02 mGy up to 0.1 mGy per examination. As stated by Looe et al. (2006), dose received by the thyroid gland, mainly due to scattered radiation, is comparably less than those received by the salivary glands. On the other hand, the thyroid gland is one of the most radiosensitive organs for children and dose imparted on the thyroid gland should be minimised whenever possible. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) have been introduced by the European Union in the Medical Exposure Directive (MED) (97/43/Euratom). The directive requires the member states to promote the establishment and the use of DRLs and to ensure that implementation guidance is available (Poppe et al., 2006). A good practice is established when the required levels are not exceeded. The DRL is very important because inadequate techniques or machine malfunctions in the case where they are consistently exceeded can be detected during the examination, so that appropriate corrective action could be undertaken. Patients increased their chance to be subjected to unnecessarily high-radiation doses due to unsatisfactory equipment or inadequate techniques. To establish the DRLs, entrance surface dose (ESD), dose area product (DAP) or other dose-related quantities may be used. In the intraoral radiography, DAP has been chosen as the measurement quantity as it could be measured without the patient in place and the field size of the beam is directly reflected on the measured value. Rectangular collimator is preferable compare to the cylindrical collimator because the rectangular one can fit the size and shape of the film better, eventhough most X-ray units in intraoral radiography is equipped with cylindrical collimators. Furthermore, the introduction of DRLs has lead to DAP meters being installed as an integral part in radiology equipment used for the automatic registration of patient dose. The DAP meters could also be a possibility for panoramic units. It is completed with the advent of digital radiography and the use of automatic exposure control for these examinations, so, such equipments would allow easy monitoring and follow-up of i ndividual patient doses. It has been suggested that this dose area products are closely correlated with effective doses under specific circumstances because DAP are directly measurable or indirectly accessible from exposure. In instance, Poppe et al. (2006) stated that the measured DAP values for maxillary molar examinations range from 3.8 to 134.8 mGy cm2. The minimum dose measured for non-digital systems was 17.4 mGy cm2 and the maximum value measured was 134.8 mGy cm2. The highest third quartile value was calculated for occlusal examinations, whereas the lowest value was calculated for mandibular incisor examination. Moreover, there is a large difference between patient exposures among different dental facilities. Sometimes, the differences are up to a factor of 35 for the same examination. This s due to the inconsistencies of radiological practices performed in clinical routine such as different X-ray units, exposure techniques, film speed or even inadequate exposure setting and film developing procedures, and further. It can be seen that many dentists do not preferable using the dose-optimized programmes for the faster films. In addition, the correlation between DAP and tube loading may also be used as a rule of thumb in determining the imparted dose on patients. Thats why it is necessary to have the DRLs laid out as guidelines. In intraoral radiography, periapical is the most commonly performed and usually two to four teeth are shown on the image providing full tooth structure, including pulp, root and gum anatomy. On the other side, bitewings are taken to show the upper and lower teeth together on a single image while occlusal radiography demonstrate the dental arches at right angles to the occlusal plane. Although DRLs are useful in optimising radiological procedures by identifying inadequate exposure techniques, they still got the disadvantage. The problem is, they are lacking information in the risk associated with the radiological procedure. So, the other alternative is by using the conversion coefficient. It is used to estimate effective doses from DAP values have been published for common radiological procedures, including in intraoral radiography. In intraoral radiography, basically, thyroid gland and brain tissue receive only a small fraction of dose caused by scattered radiation within the phantom except for occlusal examination of the maxilla where high dose was measured at the brain tissue. So, we can say that overall skin dose is also relatively low as only a small fraction of skin was exposed directly to the x-ray beam. Moreover, salivary gland which often lies within the primary beam is exposed to high dose during intraoral examinations. This gland received highest dose followed by the red bone marrow. Then, the mandibular angle also was exposed to a high exposure during most of the dental examinations. Doses measured at the thyroid gland and brain tissue were only attributed to scattered radiation and therefore considerably low. However, only low dose was recorded at the third cervical vertebra mainly due to scattered radiation. The other factor that determines the exposure dose in the intraoral radiography is the type of film. It is remarkable that several facilities using an E or F speed film have higher doses than other facilities using the less sensitive D-speed films. For example, in the category of dentists using X-ray units operating at 65 kV, the lowest dose measured using D-speed film is 3.5 times lower than the highest dose measured using E or F speed film. However, the exposure time for the digital radiographic systems was set to 10-50% of that of E-speed film in most cases of intraoral radiography. However, in some clinics and hospitals, working with faster film type or higher tube voltage is not always associated with lower exposure. Many precaution measures could be taken at no cost to reduce the patient exposure by choosing the appropriate exposure parameters. Operators of X-ray units shall pay special attention to ensure that the right radiological equipment and techniques are used when performing radiological procedures on the dental patient. When using the faster film types, the operator should reduce the exposure time, so that the level of radiation exposure received is not beyond with the acceptance level of radiation exposure in intraoral radiography. Still, it is very important for the technologists to be informed about the necessity and importance of reducing the exposure times when working with the faster film types The quantitative aspects of radiation doses is needed to observe and determine the necessary radiation protective measures and at the same time, can help the general public to allay radiation fear in dental radiography. Because, it is afraid to develop certain disease and the highest risk in intraoral radiography is leukemia and thyroid cancer, even in doses as low as 500 mSv. On the other hand, even low doses of radiation can cause changes in the DNA of the cell that may not be lethal but that could cause the mutations that could lead to cancer. Most of these DNA changes are discovered and repaired before they cause problems, but the repair mechanism is not perfect and some of the changes may persist and accumulate. Non-repairable damage is more likely to occur with higher doses or dose rates but there is a chance that even a single small hit of radiation could produce a mutation that could cause cancer. The more radiation a person is exposed to, the more chances he has of receiving a non-repaired DNA injury. Similar surveys conducted in dental radiographic facilities over the last 10 years have demonstrated a trend for reduction of the ESD, with the use of faster films and digital receptors, as well as with modern x-ray units and rectangular collimation. The emphasis should be increased to the structures located in the oral region, particularly the salivary glands. At the gonadal areas, the gonads are not in the line of exposure, especially during intra-oral or panoramic radiography. However, the dose to the genetic cells results from scattered radiation in dental radiography. Scatter radiation during dental radiography may result in exposure of the dental personnel in the area. A dentist or dental auxiliary may accumulate perceptible amounts of radiation doses from his repeated exposure to scatter radiation. The precaution also must be highlighted to the pregnant women because the excessive exposure dose received by the pregnant women may result in spontaneous abortion, congenital abnormalities, microcephaly and decreased mental efficiency. From the study by Brooks (2008), shown that the doses actually used to obtain dental radiographs are frequently higher than what can be obtained in ideal situations. For example, a recent study done in Spain that measured entrance doses in several thousand dental offices reported that there was frequently no difference in radiation dose with different films and in different locations within the mouth. According to the revised recommendations for calculating effective dose, dental radiography involves 32% to 422% more risk than that previously thought. Therefore, efforts should be made to reduce dose as much as possible but not at expense of image quality and diagnostic accuracy. In addition, different groups of teeth need different exposure times for obtaining quality diagnostic information. Moreover, the patient dose is determined not only by the amount of radiation per exposure, but also by the number of radiographs taken. A recent study shows that the total number of radiographs taken by dentists using digital radiography was significantly larger than the number of radiographs taken by film users. The number of radiographs taken by dentists using solid-state systems compared to film-users while phosphor plate users took 32% more radiographs. The main reason when taking more radiographs is to achieve better diagnostics and description about certain condition of the patient. Eventhough it provides better diagnosis, positioning errors occurred more often in digital radiography than in film-based radiography. This is due to the stiffness of the digital sensors that is significantly more difficult to position in the patients mouth, rather than the positioning film and more uncomfortable for the patient although. CONCLUSION In conclusion, digital intra-oral radiography is a well-accepted diagnostic tool in dental practice. However, some of the claims made by manufacturers of digital systems, are not valid to their full extent. For instance, the dose reduction per exposure is real, but it is still to be determined what the actual dose reduction is because of the fact that dentists tend to make more radiographs when using a digital system. Sometimes, the importance of the level of exposure dose received by the dental patient is underestimated. Due to this, it could lead to the poor characteristics of x-ray device, inadequate film processing conditions and outdated techniques used. Regular quality control of dental x-ray units can eliminate deficiencies related to equipment. Inadequate technique is a more significant problem, because dentists and radiology technicians are insufficiently educated in the field of radiation protection. Because of that, it is best to select the imaging technique that will provide that information with the lowest radiation dose. To obtain that, dental equipment must stay in good condition, including film processing apparatus and solutions, and use good technique to avoid retakes. In addition, using fast film or digital imaging and small collimation, whenever feasible, will also keep the radiation dose as low as reasonably achievable, or ALARA which is a goal worth pursuing. in general, both entrance and effective doses are reduced when higher film speed (E-speed or F-speed instead of D-speed) or digital imaging is used. In addition, rectangular collimation of the beam also reduces the effective dose because less tissue is exposed in total. There are no such things as necessary routine radiographs the way there are required. Instead, dentists must make radiographs only when they think they are necessary to make an accurate dental assessment or diagnosis to reduce the number of X-rays taken to the minimal needed for dental health. Efficient implementation of the basic principles of radiation protection, particularly which the practice optimization through the quality assurance program, is the only adequate way of reducing the patient dose and at the same time, preserving the quality of diagnostic information.